1. Imekobume ye-UN: Isinye kwisithathu samazwe asinayo imigangatho esemthethweni yomgangatho womoya wangaphandle
INkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokusiNgqongileyo yathi kwingxelo yovavanyo epapashwe namhlanje ukuba isinye kwisithathu samazwe ehlabathi asikabhengeza nayiphi na imigangatho yomgangatho womoya yangaphandle (engqongileyo) enyanzeliswa ngokusemthethweni.Apho kukho imithetho kunye nemimiselo enjalo, imigangatho efanelekileyo iyahluka kakhulu kwaye ihlala ingahambelani nezikhokelo zoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi.Ukongeza, ubuncinci i-31% yamazwe akwaziyo ukuzisa imigangatho yomgangatho womoya wangaphandle ayikamkeli nayiphi na imigangatho.
I-UNEP "Ukulawula uMgangatho woMoya: uVavanyo lokuqala lweGlobal Air Pollution Legislation" yakhutshwa ngobusuku be-International Clean Air Blue Sky Day.Ingxelo iphonononge umthetho womgangatho womoya wamazwe angama-194 kunye neManyano yaseYurophu, kwaye yaphonononga yonke imiba yomthetho kunye nesakhelo seziko.Ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwemithetho efanelekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umgangatho womoya uyahambelana nemigangatho.Ingxelo ishwankathela izinto eziphambili ezimele zifakwe kwimodeli ebanzi yolawulo lomgangatho womoya ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kumthetho wesizwe, kwaye ibonelela ngesiseko somnqophiso wehlabathi okhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwemigangatho yomgangatho womoya wangaphandle.
Umngcipheko wezempilo
Ungcoliseko lomoya luchongwe yi-WHO njengomngcipheko omnye wokusingqongileyo obeka esona sisongelo kwimpilo yabantu.I-92% yabemi behlabathi bahlala kwiindawo apho amazinga ongcoliseko lomoya angaphezulu kwemida ekhuselekileyo.Phakathi kwabo, abafazi, abantwana kunye nabantu abadala kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi bayahlupheka Elona galelo libi kakhulu.Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lukwabonise ukuba kungakho unxibelelwano phakathi kosulelo olutsha lwesithsaba kunye nongcoliseko lomoya.
Ingxelo yabonisa ukuba nangona i-WHO ikhuphe izikhokelo zomgangatho womoya wokusingqongileyo (ngaphandle), akukho sikhokelo somthetho esilungelelanisiweyo nesibumbeneyo sokuphumeza ezi zikhokelo.Ubuncinci be-34% yamazwe, umgangatho womoya wangaphandle awukakhuselwanga ngumthetho.Nalawo mazwe azise imithetho efanelekileyo, imigangatho echaphazelekayo kunzima ukuyithelekisa: i-49% yamazwe ehlabathini ichaza ngokupheleleyo ungcoliseko lomoya njengengozi yangaphandle, ukugubungela ngokwejografi yemigangatho yomgangatho womoya iyahluka, kwaye ngaphezu kwesiqingatha samazwe. vumela ukutenxa kwimigangatho efanelekileyo.umgangatho.
Inde indlela ekufuneka uyihambile
Ingxelo yabonisa ukuba uxanduva lwenkqubo yokuphumeza imigangatho yomgangatho womoya kwizinga lehlabathi nalo lubuthathaka kakhulu-kuphela ama-33% amazwe enza ukuthotyelwa komgangatho womoya kube luxanduva olusemthethweni.Ukubeka iliso umgangatho womoya kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba imigangatho idibene, kodwa ubuncinane i-37% yamazwe / imimandla ayinayo imfuneko zomthetho yokubeka iliso lomgangatho womoya.Ekugqibeleni, nangona ungcoliseko lomoya lungazi mida, yi-31% kuphela yamazwe aneendlela ezisemthethweni zokujongana nongcoliseko lomoya olunqumla imida.
UInger Andersen, umalathisi oLawulayo weUnited Nations Environment Programme wathi: “Ukuba asithabathi nawaphi na amanyathelo okumisa size sitshintshe imeko ekhoyo yokuba ukungcoliswa komoya kubangela ukufa kwabantu abazizigidi ezisi-7 nyaka ngamnye, ngowama-2050, eli nani lisenokubakho.Unyuke ngaphezu kwama-50%.
Ingxelo ifuna amazwe amaninzi ukuba azise imithetho nemimiselo eqinile yomgangatho womoya, kubandakanywa ukubhala imigangatho yokungcoliseka komoya ngaphakathi nangaphandle ibe yimithetho, ukuphucula iindlela zomthetho zokubeka esweni umgangatho womoya, ukwandisa ukungafihli, ukomeleza kakhulu iinkqubo zokuthotyelwa komthetho, kunye nokuphucula iimpendulo kuzwelonke nakwilizwe jikelele. Iindlela zomgaqo-nkqubo nolungelelwaniso lolawulo longcoliseko lomoya olungaphaya kwemida.
2. UNEP: Uninzi lweemoto ezisetyenzisiweyo ezithunyelwa kumazwe asakhasayo kumazwe asakhasayo zingcolisa izithuthi.
Ingxelo ekhutshwe namhlanje yiUnited Nations Environment Programme ibonise ukuba izigidi zeemoto ezisetyenzisiweyo, iiveni neebhasi ezincinci ezithunyelwa kumazwe asakhasayo zisuka eYurophu, eUnited States naseJapan zidla ngokuba kumgangatho ophantsi, nto leyo engakhokelela nje ekungcoliseni umoya. , kodwa ikwathintela Iinzame zokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu.Le ngxelo ihlaba ikhwelo kuwo onke amazwe ukuba avale izikhewu kumgaqo-nkqubo okhoyo ngoku, adibanise eyona migangatho isezantsi yomgangatho weemoto ezisetyenzisiweyo, kwaye aqinisekise ukuba iimoto ezisele zisetyenzisiwe kwamanye amazwe zicoceke kwaye zikhuselekile ngokwaneleyo.
Le ngxelo, enesihloko esithi "Iimoto eziSetyenzisiweyo kunye nokusiNgqongileyo-I-Global Overview yeZithuthi eziKhanyayo eziSetyenzisiweyo: Ukuhamba, isikali, kunye neMimiselo", yingxelo yokuqala yophando epapashwe malunga nemarike yemoto esetyenzisiweyo yehlabathi.
Ingxelo ibonisa ukuba phakathi kowama-2015 nowama-2018, zizonke ezizigidi ezili-14 zeemoto ezikhaphukhaphu ezisetyenzisiweyo ziye zathunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle.Kwaba, i-80% iye kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi kunye nephakathi, kwaye ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha baya e-Afrika.
UMlawuli oyiNtloko we-UNEP u-Inger Andersen uthe ukucoca kunye nokulungelelanisa iinqwelo zehlabathi ngumsebenzi ophambili wokufezekisa umgangatho womoya wehlabathi kunye nengingqi kunye neenjongo zemozulu.Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ziya zisanda iimoto ezisele zisetyenzisiwe ziye zathunyelwa kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho zisiwa kumazwe asakhasayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba urhwebo olunxulumeneyo ubukhulu becala alulawulwa ngokomthetho, uninzi lokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe lungcolisa izithuthi.
Ugxininise ukuba ukungabikho kwemigangatho nemimiselo esebenzayo ngoyena nobangela wokulahlwa kwezithuthi ezilahliweyo, ezingcolisekileyo nezingakhuselekanga.Amazwe aphuhlileyo kufuneka ayeke ukuthumela ngaphandle izithuthi ezingakhange ziluphumelele uhlolo lwazo lokusingqongileyo kunye nokhuseleko kwaye azisafanelekanga ukuqhuba ezindleleni, ngelixa amazwe athumelayo kufuneka aqalise imigangatho yomgangatho engqongqo.
Ingxelo yabonisa ukuba ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kobunikazi bemoto yeyona nto ibangela ukungcoliseka komoya kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu.Ehlabathini jikelele, ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside enxulumene namandla kwicandelo lezothutho kuchaphazela malunga nekota yokukhutshwa kwehlabathi.Ngokukodwa, ungcoliseko olunje nge-fine particulate matter (PM2.5) kunye nenitrogen oxides (NOx) ekhutshwa ziimoto yeyona mithombo yongcoliseko lomoya ezidolophini.
Ingxelo isekelwe kuhlalutyo olunzulu lwamazwe angama-146, kwaye yafumanisa ukuba isibini kwisithathu sabo sinenqanaba "elibuthathaka" okanye "elibuthathaka kakhulu" lemigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula ukungenisa kwiimoto ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Ingxelo iphinde yabonisa ukuba amazwe aphumeze amanyathelo olawulo (ingakumbi ubudala bezithuthi kunye nemigangatho yokukhutshwa kwamanzi) ekuthengisweni kweemoto ezisetyenzisiweyo anokufumana iimoto ezisetyenzisiweyo zodidi oluphezulu eziquka i-hybrid kunye nezithuthi zombane ngamaxabiso afikelelekayo.
Ingxelo ifumanise ukuba ngeli xesha lophando amazwe aseAfrika athenga kumazwe angaphandle elona nani likhulu leemoto esele zikhe zasetyenziswa (40%), kulandele amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu (24%), amazwe aseAsia-Pacific (15%), amazwe akuMbindi Mpuma (12%) nakwamanye amazwe. Amazwe aseLatin America (9%).
Ingxelo iveze ukuba iimoto ezisetyenzisiweyo ezikumgangatho ophantsi nazo ziza kubangela iingozi ezininzi zendlela.Amazwe anjengeMalawi, iNigeria, iZimbabwe, neBurundi amisela imithetho “ebuthathaka kakhulu” okanye “ebuthathaka” yeemoto ezisetyenzisiweyo nazo aneengozi ezininzi zokufa kwabantu ezindleleni.Kumazwe aqulunqe kwaye asebenzisa ngokungqongqo imimiselo yeemoto zesibini, iinqwelo zasekhaya zinomlinganiselo ophezulu wokhuseleko kunye neengozi ezimbalwa.
Ngenkxaso yeNgxowa-mali yeNgxowa-mali yoKhuseleko eziNdleleni yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye nezinye ii-arhente, i-UNEP ikhuthaze ukusungulwa kwenyathelo elitsha elizinikele ekwazisa ubuncinci bemigangatho yeemoto ezisetyenzisiweyo.Esi sicwangciso sithetha nje sigxile eAfrika kuqala.Amazwe amaninzi aseAfrika (kuquka iMorocco, iAlgeria, iCôte d'Ivoire, iGhana kunye neMauritius) aseke imigangatho ekumgangatho ophantsi, kwaye amazwe amaninzi abonise umdla wokujoyina eli nyathelo.
Ingxelo yabonisa ukuba uphando olongezelelweyo lufunekayo ukuqhubela phambili ukucacisa impembelelo yorhwebo lwezithuthi ezisetyenzisiweyo, kubandakanywa neempembelelo zezithuthi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-25-2021